@article {552,
	title = {Predicting Type 2 Diabetes Using an Electronic Nose-based Artificial Neural Network Analysis},
	journal = {Diabetes, nutrition \& metabolism},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002 Aug},
	pages = {215-21},
	abstract = {Diabetes is a major health problem in both industrial and developing countries, and its incidence is rising. Although detection of diabetes is improving, about half of the patients with Type 2 diabetes are undiagnosed and the delay from disease onset to diagnosis may exceed 10 yr. Thus, earlier detection of Type 2 diabetes and treatment of hyperglycaemia and related metabolic abnormalities is of vital importance. The objectives of the present study were to examine urine samples from Type 2 diabetic patients and healthy volunteers using the electronic nose technology and to evaluate possible application of data classification methods such as self-learning artificial neural networks (ANN) and logistic regression (LR) in comparison with principal components analysis (PCA). Urine samples from Type 2 diabetic patients and healthy controls were processed randomly using a simple 8-sensors electronic nose and individual electronic nose patterns were qualitatively classified using the "Approximation and Classification of Medical Data" (ACMD) network based on 2 output neurons, binary LR analysis and PCA. Distinct classes were found for Type 2 diabetic subjects and controls using PCA, which had a 96.0\% successful classification percentage mean while qualitative ANN analysis and LR analysis had successful classification percentages of 92.0\% and 88.0\%, respectively. Therefore, the ACMD network is suitable for classifying medical and clinical data.},
	keywords = {Aged, Blood Glucose, Body Mass Index, Breath Tests, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Fasting, Female, Glycosuria, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Networks (Computer), Nose, Odors, Proteinuria, Sensitivity and Specificity},
	issn = {0394-3402},
	author = {Mohamed, E I and Linder, Roland and Perriello, G and Di Daniele, N and Siegfried J. P{\"o}ppl and De Lorenzo, A}
}
