@article {1549,
	title = {A new pairwise deep learning feature for environmental microorganism image analysis.},
	journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2022},
	month = {07/2022},
	pages = {51909-51926},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {Environmental microorganism (EM) offers a highly efficient, harmless, and low-cost solution to environmental pollution. They are used in sanitation, monitoring, and decomposition of environmental pollutants. However, this depends on the proper identification of suitable microorganisms. In order to fasten, lower the cost, and increase consistency and accuracy of identification, we propose the novel pairwise deep learning features (PDLFs) to analyze microorganisms. The PDLFs technique combines the capability of handcrafted and deep learning features. In this technique, we leverage the Shi and Tomasi interest points by extracting deep learning features from patches which are centered at interest points{\textquoteright} locations. Then, to increase the number of potential features that have intermediate spatial characteristics between nearby interest points, we use Delaunay triangulation theorem and straight line geometric theorem to pair the nearby deep learning features. The potential of pairwise features is justified on the classification of EMs using SVMs, Linear discriminant analysis, Logistic regression, XGBoost and Random Forest classifier. The pairwise features obtain outstanding results of 99.17\%, 91.34\%, 91.32\%, 91.48\%, and 99.56\%, which are the increase of about 5.95\%, 62.40\%, 62.37\%, 61.84\%, and 3.23\% in accuracy, F1-score, recall, precision, and specificity respectively, compared to non-paired deep learning features.},
	keywords = {Deep Learning, Environmental Microbiology, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted},
	issn = {1614-7499},
	doi = {10.1007/s11356-022-18849-0},
	author = {Kulwa, Frank and Li, Chen and Zhang, Jinghua and Shirahama, Kimiaki and Kosov, Sergey and Zhao, Xin and Jiang, Tao and Grzegorzek, Marcin}
}
